Which type of evolution describes when closely related species evolve differences?

Divergent evolution describes the process by which closely related species evolve different traits or characteristics, often as they adapt to different environments or ecological niches. This occurs when populations that share a common ancestor accumulate differences over time, driven by various factors such as natural selection, genetic drift, and environmental pressures.

In contrast to divergent evolution, convergent evolution involves unrelated species developing similar traits due to analogous selection pressures, rather than from a common ancestor. Adaptive evolution refers to changes that help organisms better fit into their environment, but it doesn't specifically highlight the relationship between closely related species. Artificial selection is a human-driven process where specific traits are selected for breeding, which also does not focus on the natural evolutionary processes among related species.

Thus, the concept of divergent evolution is essential for understanding how different lineages can develop unique adaptations and traits, despite having shared origins.