What type of bond is formed in sodium chloride (NaCl)?

In sodium chloride (NaCl), an ionic bond is formed due to the transfer of electrons between the sodium and chlorine atoms. Sodium, a metal, has one electron in its outer shell and readily loses that electron to achieve a stable electron configuration, similar to the nearest noble gas, neon. Conversely, chlorine, a non-metal, has seven electrons in its outer shell and seeks to gain one more to complete its outer shell and also achieve stability, akin to the nearest noble gas, argon.

When sodium donates its electron, it becomes positively charged (Na⁺), while chlorine, after gaining that electron, becomes negatively charged (Cl⁻). The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions results in the formation of an ionic bond. This bond is characterized by the strong forces of attraction between the cations and anions, creating a stable ionic compound.

In contrast, covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, which is not applicable in the case of NaCl. Hydrogen bonds are a specific type of weak interaction often found in water and organic compounds, while Van der Waals forces refer to weaker interactions due to temporary dipoles. Thus, the strong electrostatic interaction that solidifies NaCl is what distinctly categorizes