What is the process called when one species splits into two distinct species?

The process in which one species splits into two distinct species is known as speciation. This phenomenon occurs when populations of a single species become genetically isolated from each other, often due to various factors such as geographical barriers, environmental changes, or behavioral differences. Over time, these populations accumulate genetic differences through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift, leading to the emergence of distinct species that can no longer interbreed.

Speciation is a fundamental mechanism of evolution, as it contributes to the biodiversity of life on Earth. Understanding this process helps illustrate how various forms of life evolve and adapt to their environments, ultimately leading to the rich tapestry of species we observe today. This makes speciation a central concept in evolutionary biology, specifically when studying how new species arise and how different species are related.